Deaf People And Sign Language

Deaf People And Sign Language In 2002 approximately 1,000,000 people over five years of age were functionally Deaf in the United States (Gallaudet Research Institute). Used by the Deaf and hearing impaired, American Sign Language (ASL) has its own culture, grammar rules, syntax, and is used to communicate with one another and express themselves. Despite popular belief there is not one universal sign language. There are more than seventy different recognized signed languages used in the world (Myths Facts). Next to English and Spanish, American Sign Language is the third most widely used language in the United States (Facts About Deafness). Due to the increased use of the language the Deaf community has changed of the years and allowed the Deaf to adapt to a hearing world. Deafness should be welcomed and embraced as a way of life. It is thought to have been believed that Fray Pedro Ponce de Leon (1529-1584) a Spanish monk was the first to have taught Deaf students by representing objects with signs (Deafness). The first official written down form of sign is though to have to been founded in the sixteenth century by, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Geronimo Cardano, a physician of Padua, in northern Italy, proclaimed that Deaf people could be taught to understand written combinations of symbols by associating them with the thing they represented. The first book on teaching sign language to Deaf people that contained the manual alphabet was published in 1620 by Juan Pablo de Bonet (History of Sign Language). Over 100 years after the first sign language book was published the first school for the Deaf, Virginia School for the Deaf, opened in the 1780s; however, it closed only a year after opening (Oldest School for the Deaf in the US). 37 years later the second and oldest permanent school for the Deaf (The American School for the Deaf (ASD)) in North America was founded and opened in Hartford, Connecticut by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Laurent Clerc (1785-1869), and Mason F. Cogswell (1761-1830) in 1817. (Message from the Executive Director). Soon After, Schools opened in New York in 1818, in Pennsylvania in 1820, Kentucky in 1823, Ohio in 1827, Virginia in 1838, and Indiana in 1843. Within forty years of the opening of the Hartford school, twenty had been established altogether, and, by the turn of the century, more than fifty. (Through Deaf Eyes . Deaf Life . The Formation of a Community | PBS). The American School for the Deaf is still open and running; however, Over 80% of school aged children are being educated in the public school system (Various Statistics). Over 16 million people in the United States are hard of hearing or are profoundly Deaf ( Deafness). Out of these numbers only seven percent of kids were born into hearing families. Out of 1,000 births two or three children will be born Deaf or hard of hearing (Deaf About Deafness). This creates challenges for the parents of Deaf children. How do they communicate to their children? How will their children fit in? How will they learn? What will become of their children? Some will tell parents to look into cochlear implants and hearing aids, granted the family can afford them. Others will suggest the parents learn sign language. What ever the family decides it will bring about different challenges. One of the most important things parents need to no it that Deafness is rarely genetic. Most Deaf people have hearing pare nts and will give birth to hearing children (Myths Facts). Though being Deaf can cause challenges in ones life, science and todays technology has made many advances in how the Deaf can live with less difficulty. One of the must obvious adaptions the Deaf have is Sign Language. Though it is not the same everywhere, sign has allowed Deaf to communicate with the world. One can not live without some type of communication or humanity would not function properly. American Sign Language is primarily used in North America and Canada and is thought to have been derived from French Sign Language (American Sign Language). One might wonder what happens when the Deaf go out into public, how will they communicate with hearing people? Sometimes the Deaf will have an interpreter come with them for they can communicate with those who do not know American Sign Language. Being an interpreter has become much harder than in the previous years. As of June 30, 2009, all hearing candidates for [EIPA (educator interpretation performance assessment) (Interview)] certification must have at least an associates degree, in any field, in order to take the performance exams. This requirement is expected to increase to a ba chelors degree by 2012 (Becoming An Interpreter For The Deaf). Salary outlook on Sign interpreters depends on experience and educational outlook. After passing the EIPA test one usually applies to a school district. During these five years one can take special classes for specific fields of signing (e.g. nursing or law). During this time interpreters can charge 60 dollars per hour with a minimum of two hours. After getting a degree in specialty signing one can charge 100 dollars per hour with a minimum of two hours. With constant learning, the job of an interpret is constant but very satisfying (interview). One example of this may be nursing or interpretation for theater. Most of the time the Deaf can not attend theater events for obvious reasons, they can not hear the actors! Some theaters may bring in sign interpreters for a number of shows for the Deaf can experience live theater. This also benefits the company, bring in extra business. Other companies are also trying to increase business by creating Deaf friendly deals. One example is cell phone offering texting only plans for the Deaf. Why pay for calls if you have no use for them? This works out for both parties, the cell phone companies earn business and the Deaf get instant communication. One might wonder how the Deaf can use landline phones. A device called teletypewriter allows the Deaf to use landline phones and call hearing or other Deaf people. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When hooked up to a phone or analog jack, allows for the typing of messages back and forth between text telephones. Anybody can call in to a TTY phone (presumably to a hard of hearing or Deaf person) (Need to know what a TTY is). One might wonder how the Deaf know when the phone is ringing. Todays technology has given the Deaf a hand up on this. Today the Deaf and Hard of Hearing can now set up a light system in their house to alert them to when something, the phone is one example, is going off. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦smoke detectors, phones and alarm clocks can all be converted to feature deaf-friendly flashing lights or very loud alarms, and even vibrating mechanisms that shake the bed or buzz in the occupants pocket (Sound and Fury Deaf Culture Living with Deafness). Another way technology has helped the Deaf is in TV. Obviously they can not hear the TV, or may have difficulty in doing so. Since 1972 TV shows have been available with closed captioning allowing the Deaf and Hard of Hearing to watch TV by reading what the actors are saying by means of text on the TV screen (Sound and Fury Deaf Culture Living with Deafness). Usually the deaf can not go to the movies, but new technologies are in development that allow the deaf to have special panels to allow them to read captions during normal movie viewings. One example of this is WGBHs Rear-Window Captioning System (Sound and Fury Deaf Culture Living with Deafness). These technological advances have made life just a little bit easier for the deaf to live comfortably. Technology may be helping the Deaf but is also causing controversy. The cochlear implant was first introduced in the early 1980s and allows the deaf to hear. In simplest form cochlear implants attach to the head by the use of a magnet and send electronic messages to the nerves in the inner ear (Cochlear Implants). Though normally welcomed by the hearing, the deaf do not approve of the surgery. Most deaf people view Cochlear Implants as robbing the deaf of their personality and that they do not need to be fixed. Also the implants have been noted to be destroying deaf culture. (How Do Deaf People Feel About Cochlear Implants) Most dont see the Deaf as having a culture, but they do and it has it own rules, guidelines and rules for acceptance. The Dictionary of American Sign Language by William Stokoe, Carl Croneberg, and Dorothy Casterline was the first to bring the though of the deaf having their own culture (Deaf Culture). In Deaf culture there are rules of behavior one needs to follow in order to fit in, including: eye contact, facial and body expression, and a number of other things. If one doesnt follow them, or breaks these rules they can be seen as rude. (Deaf Culture) The Deaf have many differences in what they deem as rude and this also goes to hearing culture too. One example of this is how they great one another. While hearing normally shake hands when being introduced a lot of deaf people hug. This may come across as strange to the hearing but its quite normal in their community. Another thing wild accepted in the Deaf community is being straightforward. Hearing people tend to dance around problems or beat around the bush; however, the Deaf are very blunt or straightforward (Some Differences between Deaf and Hearing Worlds.) They do not see this as being blunt; this is just part of their culture. If one plans on being part of the Deaf community they must be prepared for this, and be prepaid to do the same. The Deaf expect this and it is not considered rude. Another thing those who are in entering the Deaf community must expect is how the Deaf use time, known as Deaf time. Before technology allowed deaf people to communicate easier the deaf would spend long periods of time together, and goodbyes were longer. This still holds true to this day. While hearing people usually have quick goodbyes the deaf are considered to have long good-byes (Some Insight on the Differences between Hearing and Deaf Culture). The Deaf have come far in a short amount of time; theyve developed a language, a culture, and found many adaptations to the hearing world. Theyve got their own way of living, and have overcome many obstacles. Knowing American Sign Language and being part of the Deaf Community is rewarding and has changed the world as a whole. It has given a voice to those who do not hear, and has opened a new world to those who have inspired to be part of it. Deafness is not a handicap, just a different way people live and should be embraced.

Fall of Rome :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Fall of Rome Essay: Why was it possible for Rome to become an empire and last so long. What were the reasons for it's fall? Rome was one of the greatest empires of the ancient world. The early Roman state was founded in 509 B.C. after the Romans drove out the hated Etruscan king. By this time Rome had already grown from a cluster of small villages to a small city. Little did the settlers know that this was the beginning of one of the greatest and largest empires ever known. After Rome established itself, they were determined to never again be ruled by a monarch. The Roman setup a new government called a republic. Romans thought a republic would keep any individuals from gaining too much power. Later Romans looked back with enormous pride on the achievements of the early republic. Between 509 B.C. and 133 B.C., Rome adapted the government to fit the need of the people it served. It also developed the military power to not only conqueror not only Italy, but also the entire Mediterranean world. In the early republic power was controlled by the patricians, the land holding upper class. Senators, who served for life, interpreted laws and issued decrees. In the event of a war the senate might elect a dictator who ruled for only six months in time of emergency. Julius Caesar emerged. He was able commander who led many conquests for Rome. In 59 B.C. Caesar set out for a new conquest. After nine years of constant fighting, he finally conquered Gaul. Pompey grew jealous of his achievement and had the senate order him to disband his forces and return to Rome. Caesar secretly crossed the Rubicon and killed Pompey then entered Rome. After crushing many rebellions, Caesar forced the senate to make him a dictator. Caesar launched many reforms such as public work programs and giving land to the poor. According to legend those in the senate murdered Caesar on March 15. Caesar's Grandnephew, Octavian, and Marc Anthony joined forces to capture his killers. However bitter feuds grew it soon became a battle for power. After the Pax Romana ended, the next 100 years were in political turmoil. In one 50-year period, at least 26 emperors reigned and only one died of natural causes. At the same time high taxes used to support the armies began to anger the people. During this Germanic tribes were attacking the outskirts of the Roman Empire.

“Crow Lake” and “Students” by Tom Wayman Essay

In the two tests â€Å"Crow Lake† and â€Å"Students† by Tom Wayman both show the students and their teachers, but the teachers have not the same ways to teach them. In the two tests there are examples of person vs. person conflict as well as person vs. society conflict. In â€Å"students† and â€Å"Crow Lake† both speakers experience person vs. person conflict in their lives. In the story â€Å"Crow Lake† the narrator is in conflict with himself as well as his teacher in his life. In the test the narrator say, â€Å"My job—assistant professor, invertebrate ecology—has a number of components: carrying out research, analyzing and writing up my findings, writing up my findings, writing papers for publication, giving papers at conferences, supervising graduate students, teaching undergraduates, plus a ridiculous amount of administration.† There is also person vs. person conflict in the poem,† The freshman class first printout s showed birthdatehs so recent.† In the first example, the narrator Mary Lawson is in conflict with his teacher because his teacher teaches him, but their age has many years, even though they have many questions for this, but his teacher’s lesson did not any so boring, it’s so interesting about his teacher’s lessons. He liked his teacher’s lesson. In the second example, the narrator is in the conflict with his teacher, this text also between the teacher and students. As we can see, from these two texts both speakers experience person vs. person conflict in their lives. There is also person vs. society conflict in both â€Å"Crow Lake† and â€Å"Students†. For example in â€Å"Crow Lake† it says, â€Å"Teaching I don’t enjoy at all.† As well in â€Å"Students† it says, â€Å"Wayman observed many clung to the vaccination theory of education, he remembered: once you have had a subject you are immune and never have to consider it again.† The speaker in â€Å"Crow Lake† is the student don’t like his teacher’s teaching way. He thought it was so boring. In the second text â€Å"Students† the speaker is liked his teacher because his teacher has interesting way to teach students. As we can see, both tests reveal the conflict that the speaker undergo when dealing with independence in their new lives through this they both experience person vs. society conflict as they come to grips with the change. In both texts â€Å"Crow Lake† and â€Å"Students† speakers use their teachers to compare, one  teacher’s lesson is so interesting, the other teacher’s lesson is so boring, although their teachers ages would older than them but their class had difference way, and make students had different feeling to listen the lessons. As we can see from these two example, a difficult situation can into a person victory if you continually believe in yourself.

History of Police Essay - 1254 Words

History of Police History of Police The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of those changes. As new issues in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based on the British model. Law enforcement was not organized until 1200 A.D. offenders were pursued by an organized posse. If offenders were caught they†¦show more content†¦New technology and social reform for policing happened in the twentieth century. This brought about the first woman police officer. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios was also developed, which helped police officers in a major way. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve bigger areas. Radios allowed better communication between police officers. Telephones allowed better communication between officers and civilians. Teddy Roosevelt help promote the first call box system, which is compared to the 911 system used today; also he helped organize the FBI, one of the most famous government agencies. The history of policing is divided into four periods. The political era (1840s-1930) was the first, police agencies were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians. The second era (1930s-1970s) police were more concerned with solving traditional crimes. Today the third period is used in contemporary policing, which deal with community policing. Last is the homeland security era, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. 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